Cognitive Process-oriented Models Of Bilingualism
Nowadays, most people use more than one language. Among the reasons causing this: Factors such as education, health, people living in a country different from the country they were born in, children learning a language in multilingual environments, and the desire for a better life can be listed. The European Center for Modern Languages of the Council of Europe (ECML, 2018) states that more than half of the world's population is multilingual. From a social perspective, bilingual individuals have been a bridge between societies and have enabled many societies to integrate with each other. This social cohesion can sometimes be an advantage for bilingual individuals, but it can also be a disadvantage. Classifications regarding bilingualism may differ depending on the political situation of the country, perspectives on bilingual individuals, and the culture they live in. There is a close interaction between knowledge structure, mental processes and cognition through the process of acquiring more than one language. Bilingualism is an interdisciplinary field that includes many different concepts. Especially the mechanisms and cognitive systems of bilingual individuals' minds while acquiring and using a second language have been the subject of many studies. Although interpretations about language and cognition are generally similar to each other, different interpretations can be made from time to time. The aim of this study is to define and explain cognitive process-oriented bilingualism models. For this purpose, different approaches to language and cognition were examined and document analysis was conducted. In line with the research, the opinions of different researchers were included and evaluated in many dimensions such as the way of language acquisition, the level of proficiency in the language, the level of exposure to the native language, cognition and context. By evaluating different definitions in prominent books and articles in this field, cognitive process-oriented bilingualism models have been defined, and the mental processes and cognitive structures experienced by bilingual individuals while using the language have been explained.
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